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Laboratory confirmation is based on testing for specific antibodies to the measles virus (ELISA detection of IgM antibodies).
Tests based on virus detection (nested RT-PCR) are used not for diagnosing cases but for studying the genome (global measles surveillance) or for isolating the virus.
The specimen collection techniques are the same regardless of test type.
4.1 Specimen collection
Before taking the sample |
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After taking the sample |
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4.1.1 Collecting capillary blood on filter paper
Equipment
- Filter paper (Whatman 903®: card with four 15-mm diameter circles for receiving the specimen)
- Plastic 10 x 10-cm zip lock bag (bag for medications)
- Sterile lancet
- Silica gel packet
Technique
- Label the filter paper card with the patient’s last name, first name and age, and the location and date of specimen collection.
- Disinfect the finger, allow it to air dry, and prick with the lancet.
- Wipe away the first drop of blood with a compress or cotton wool.
- Collect the blood on the filter paper. Completely saturate the circles on the card. Check to make sure that the paper is saturated on both sides.
- Let the filter paper air dry, away from sunlight and dust, for 2 hours.
- Once it is dry, place the filter paper in the plastic bag, add the silica gel packet, and close.
4.1.2 Collecting oral fluid
Equipment
- Tongue depressor
- Oral specimen collection device (ORACOL® or OraSure®): sponge, shaft, and tube with cap
- Scissors (depending on the device used)
Technique
- Label the tube with the patient’s last name, first name and age, and the location and date of specimen collection.
- Gently rub the sponge, attached to the shaft, along the gum-tooth junction for about 1 minute. The sponge absorbs about 0.5 ml of crevicular fluid.
- Place the whole device (sponge + shaft) in the tube. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations.
- Close the tube.
4.1.3 Collecting venous blood and preparing serum
Equipment
- Plain (serum) vacuum tube + tube holder (or if not available, a simple plain tube)
- 21G or 23G needle
- Sterile transfer pipette
- Sterile 2-ml cryotube
- UN 3373 isothermal triple packaging container
Technique
- Label the plain tube and the cryotube with the patient’s last name, first name and age, and the location and date of specimen collection.
- Disinfect the puncture site.
- Draw 5 ml of blood in the serum tube.
- If shipping time is less than 24 hours, no preparation is needed; send the whole blood to the laboratory.
- If the shipping time is over 24 hours:
- Centrifuge the blood for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm (1000 g) to obtain serum. If there is no centrifuge, leave the tube in an upright position for one hour at ambient temperature so that the clot retracts, and then refrigerate it until contents are completely separated (serum yellow and clear).
- Draw off the serum with a sterile pipette and transfer it to the sterile cryotube.
4.2 Storing samples
Storage time |
Storage temperature |
Comments | |
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Capillary blood | ≤ 7 days | Room temp. (< 42 °C) | |
> 7 days | 4 to 8 °C | ||
Oral fluid |
≤ 7 days | Room temp. (< 42 °C) | |
> 7 days |
Depends on device (a) Citation a. The OraSure® device (with transport medium) allows ambient temperature ( < 39 °C) transport for up to 21 days. |
Use another specimen type, if possible |
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Whole blood | < 24 hours | 4 to 8 °C | |
Serum | < 7 days | 4 to 8 °C | |
> 7 days | − 20 °C | No successive freezing/thawing |
- (a)The OraSure® device (with transport medium) allows ambient temperature ( < 39 °C) transport for up to 21 days.
4.3 Transport, packaging, and shipping
Blood on filter paper and oral swab
These specimens are not considered pathogenic: no triple packaging. However, they must be placed in a waterproof bag (a plastic zip lock bag, for example).
Whole blood or serum
Protect each tube in specific triple packaging that meets the regulations for transporting Category B infectious substances, UN 3733.
Before shipping
Verify that:
- the containers are tightly sealed;
- the information is entered in the laboratory register;
- the patient information form is inside the package.
When shipping
- Write the exact address (including the service and the name of the addressee).
- For whole blood or serum: fill out the information on the outer container (3373).
- Attach all necessary shipping documents.
- Record the shipment to allow follow-up (receipt at lab and transmission of results).
- Alert the services concerned that the sample(s) have been shipped.
4.4 Reference laboratories
Send specimens to national laboratories, if possible; if not, use the closest WHO LabNet laboratory.